KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Links between conditions in schools and higher education institutions in France and young people’s mental health are up for debate amid the student protest movement.

• Studies objectify the psychological difficulties experienced by many young people, from middle school onwards, more frequent among girls than boys.

• This data can be compared to results documenting their feelings about their schooling: pressure, impact of Parcoursup (the French national admissions platform for first-year higher education programs), overcrowded classrooms…

Since mid September 2026, tens of thousands of high schoolers and students have been taking action across France to demand better teaching conditions: more supply teachers, timetables that better suit their needs, well-maintained buildings and an overhaul of Parcoursup, the national higher education admissions program, pointing out social inequalities within the secondary education system and at university.

Their demands illustrate widely felt pressure at school and anxiety, attributed to a learning environment that is not conducive to psychological wellbeing. Can studies shed any light on the subject? What is the state of young people’s mental health in France and what are the links with conditions in schools?

Surveys on middle and high school students’s psychological difficulties

Since the 2000s Adolescent mental health has been determined by the HBSC (Health behavior in School-Aged Children) and ESPAD (European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs) surveys along with France’s own national EnCLass survey, since 2018. Edition after edition, they have shown a high level of psychological difficulties.

Adolescence is, by definition, a period of emotional, physical and social transformation, and the fact that it is synonymous with psychological difficulties for some young people is common knowledge.

Nevertheless, the results of the population monitoring carried out in the Enclass survey show an adverse trend accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic – if during lockdowns the entire population was twice as anxious and more depressed than before, adults returned to more usual symptom levels after the pandemic ended, which wasn’t the case for young people.

According to the latest EnClass data collected in 2024, 45% of middle school students (enrolled in 6th, 5th and 4th grades) reported experiencing at least one psychological complaint (depression, irritability or nervousness) more than once a week for at least 6 months, 32% reported feeling nervous, 29% irritable and 21% depressed.

These types of psychological difficulties are systematically higher among girls and increase with age. In boys, levels of psychological distress appear to be slightly lower compared to the 2022 EnClass survey.

Among high school students, the situation has considerably deteriorated: 19% of high school students are significantly prone to depression, 20% reported having had suicidal thoughts in the previous 12 months, with 15% having attempted suicide at some point in their lives.

In adults, depressive episodes and anxiety disorders are more frequent between 18-29

Psychological difficulties may persist after the end of schooling in secondary education. France’s Public Health Barometer – Santé publique France revealed that, in 2024, young people aged between 18-29 are the adult group most affected by episodes of severe depression – one in five (21%) were affected during the 12 months preceding the survey, nearly 7% reporting a severe episode of depression.

Similarly, generalised anxiety disorder is also more common among young people aged 18 to 29 than among other age groups: 8% are affected.

Finally, young people aged between 18-29 also emerge as the age range who report the most suicidal thoughts (8.6% in the 12 months preceding the study) and suicide attempts (6.7% had already attempted suicide in their lifetime). The latter result is surprising, given that suicide attempts are cumulative and rates are expected to increase with age.

It could indicate that young people, particularly affected by suicidal acts, remember it better than other groups. There could also be a generational effect, with young people born in the early 2000s more affected by suicidal tendencies than previous generations for multiple reasons – deteriorated mental health, an increase in poverty, the influence of content diffused on social networks – it can only be confirmed in the longer term.

Young people’s mental health has deteriorated since Covid-19

Data from Santé publique France on young people seeking medical help confirms a deterioration in young people’s mental health since the Covid-19 pandemic: in 2024, girls aged 11-17 and all 18-24-year-olds were groups being admitted to accident and emergency rooms for self-inflicted acts, including suicide attempts, with levels relatively stable since 2021.

The rate of hospitalisations for self-inflicted acts was higher in 2024 than in the previous three years, with particularly high levels among girls aged 11-17 and among young people aged 18-24 of both sexes.

Young people’s mental health during Covid-19 and socioeconomic inequalities

More than five years after the end of the Covid-19 pandemic, the level of mental health problems among adolescents and young adults in France is high, a trend also observed in other countries. The context of armed conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, climate change and content circulating on networks certainly contribute to these levels of “unease”.

But the worsening of social inequalities could also play a role: in France, the poverty rate rose from 14% of the population in 2016 to 15.4% in 2024, which is the highest level in 30 years, and a high level that tallies with the European Union average. The group most affected by poverty – 30% of people – are single-parent families, in which about 25% of adolescents in France grow up.

Pressure, the classroom environment, baccalaureate reform… How are conditions in schools affecting students?

Alongside these societal and macroeconomic determinants, what role does the schooling environment play? France’s youth is regularly vocal about stress surrounding Parcoursup, the higher education admissions system that is based on results from the final two years of high school.

School pressure, against a backdrop of broader concerns about the academic and professional future, features among the stressors that can increase the risk of anxiety and depression symptoms in young people. Meanwhile, the international study Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBCS) conducted under the auspices of the World Health Organization in Europe (WHO), in Central Asia and Canada, shows that French students are not the ones who complain the most.

On the other hand, French students are among those who have experienced an unfavourable evolution in recent years, especially young girls. In 2014, 40% of 15-year-old girls in France reported they had experienced a high level of school-related pressure, while eight years later, 60% of them did.

The pressure can come from school curricula to cover and assessment methods. It can also reflect learning conditions and how much students are receiving the support they need from their teachers.

French teenagers are also distinguished by lower than average levels of trust in their teachers: 35% of 15-year-old students say their teachers support them, compared to 42% on average. At the same time, 48% of them, compared to an average of 53%, said they felt supported by their peers.

The Pisa Surveys (International Program for Monitoring Student Achievement) confirm these results, as has outlined the findings of the CNAM and the French Centre for Educational Systems Studies. In 2022, 18% of 15-year-old French students reported that teachers were not interested in each student’s achievement, compared to 11% on average. Half of French students additionally complained about noise and unrest in the classroom, and France features in the high end of countries where students tended to be less self-confident and more likely to report fear of failure.

These trends can be compared to the increase in class sizes in general and technological (vocational) high schools and colleges, from 27 per class in 1990 to more than 30 in 2023.

The impact of France’s baccalaureate reform in 2018 must also be taken into consideration, which, by removing certain fields of study, may have individualised educational pathways and split class groups by isolating students and making it more difficult for them to find support from their peers. This is a hypothesis that should be examined in future research in order to prove it right or wrong.

School pressure also comes from students’ perception of what comes next after high school. If, in 2024, nearly eight out of ten baccalaureate students continued their higher education studies, only about 35% of students who enrolled in undergraduate studies obtain a degree within three years, while 55% leave university without a degree, in comparison with 45 and 40%, the respective rates in the European Union.

Finally, if France invests, on average, around 15,000 US dollars per student (which is currently equivalent to about 13,500 euros) throughout their schooling and corresponds to about 5% of gross domestic product, and is comparable with the averages observed in OECD countries, investment in higher education remained stable between 2015 and 2022, while the number of students increased by 20% during the same period. This translates into a relative decline in the share of public funding for higher education, from 80% in 2015 to 75% in 2022.

This relative decline in the resources invested in secondary and higher education could result in the deterioration of learning conditions from a students’ point of view – teachers are not replaced, a decrease in the attractiveness of France’s exam process for becoming a certified teacher in France, resulting in the employment of poorly trained contract teachers, and problems affecting admissions for thousands of baccalaureate holders due to a lack of places in higher education.

Young people’s mental health is directly linked to the environments in which they grow up, both physical and virtual, and the school system that they are part of undeniably influences their individual experiences, their stress levels and the sense of injustice and concern that many of them express.

The reasons why high school students are taking action today may well be, at least in part, for the same reasons why their mental health has deteriorated in recent years.

A weekly e-mail in English featuring expertise from scholars and researchers. It provides an introduction to the diversity of research coming out of the continent and considers some of the key issues facing European countries. Get the newsletter!

Maria Melchior is part of the FCPE (parents of pupils' association) and a board member of at the Ecole des Parents et des Educateurs. She received funding from the European Union and France's National Research Agency, and France's Institut national du cancer.

Camille Davisse-Paturet received funding from France's Institut pour la Recherche en Santé Publique (IReSP).

L’ESSENTIEL

• La profondeur façonne les conditions de vie dans l’océan. De la surface aux abysses, il existe plusieurs étages, auxquels se sont adaptées toutes sortes d’espèces.

• Mais la profondeur influence aussi les relations entre prédateurs et proies : ces dernières reviennent en surface la nuit pour se nourrir de plancton, souvent au risque d’être elles-mêmes mangées.

• Le changement climatique menace désormais cet équilibre fragile, en dégradant les habitats des espèces et en modifiant leurs comportements alimentaires.

Dans l’océan, des organismes remontent chaque nuit des profondeurs pour se nourrir en surface. Ce phénomène, loin d’être exceptionnel, concerne des millions d’animaux marins, qui effectuent ce voyage quotidiennement.

Pour comprendre le fonctionnement des écosystèmes marins, il faut donc cesser d’imaginer l’océan comme une simple étendue horizontale : c’est aussi un monde vertical, organisé par la lumière, la température, l’oxygène et la disponibilité de la nourriture, autant de conditions essentielles à leur survie.

Cette organisation verticale a une conséquence importante : elle structure les interactions entre les espèces. Ainsi, deux espèces peuvent vivre la plupart du temps à des profondeurs différentes, mais se retrouver dans le même environnement quelques heures par jour, le temps que l’une puisse manger l’autre.

Les migrations verticales modifient ainsi non seulement la position des individus, mais aussi les possibilités de rencontre entre prédateurs et proies, influençant toute la chaîne alimentaire. Connaître uniquement la répartition horizontale des espèces ne suffit donc pas : il faut également savoir à quelle profondeur et à quel moment elles se trouvent.

Mes travaux de thèse, consacrés à l’étude de ces écosystèmes, ont récemment abouti à la publication d’un article de recherche.

L’océan, du premier au dernier étage

Commençons par décrire l’organisation de l’océan en étages.

• Les 200 premiers mètres de profondeur constituent la zone éclairée, appelée « zone épipélagique ». La lumière y permet notamment la production primaire, c’est-à-dire la production de matière organique par photosynthèse, alimentant ainsi une grande partie des réseaux trophiques marins, soit l’ensemble des chaînes alimentaires entre les êtres vivants d’un écosystème.

• Sous la zone épipélagique, on retrouve la zone mésopélagique, parfois appelée « zone crépusculaire », qui peut atteindre environ 1 000 mètres de profondeur. La lumière y devient progressivement plus faible jusqu’à presque disparaître.

• Plus bas se situent ensuite les zones bathypélagique (de 1 000 à 4 000 mètres de profondeur), abyssopélagique (4 000 à 6 000 mètres) puis hadopélagique (au-delà de 6 000 mètres, pour les fosses océaniques les plus profondes).

Mais la lumière n’est pas le seul facteur à considérablement varier avec la profondeur. C’est également le cas de la température, de la disponibilité en oxygène et des ressources en nourriture.

Ces différences créent des habitats distincts au sein d’un même océan. Ainsi, deux espèces présentes dans la même zone géographique peuvent vivre dans des mondes très différents, simplement parce qu’elles n’occupent pas la même profondeur.

À lire aussi : À plus de 1 000 mètres sous l’eau, des observatoires pour étudier la richesse de l’océan profond

La surface, une zone de nourrissage à haut risque

La nourriture est généralement plus abondante dans les eaux proches de la surface. C’est là que se concentre une grande partie du plancton, qui constitue la base de la chaîne alimentaire.

Toutefois, cette zone éclairée expose fortement les proies à leurs prédateurs, qui chassent à vue. Pour une proie, rester près de la surface permet donc de se nourrir, mais fait courir aussi davantage le risque d’être mangée.

Descendre dans les profondeurs peut alors constituer une stratégie de survie, en permettant de se cacher des prédateurs grâce à l’obscurité. Cette stratégie implique toutefois de se déplacer sur plusieurs centaines de mètres, là où les ressources alimentaires sont moins abondantes. Choisir la profondeur adéquate devient ainsi un compromis permanent entre se nourrir et se protéger des prédateurs.

Ce compromis explique l’un des phénomènes les plus spectaculaires de l’océan : les migrations verticales quotidiennes, durant lesquelles des organismes marins remontent à la surface au crépuscule pour se nourrir, puis retournent se réfugier en profondeur au lever du jour.

Un gigantesque ascenseur biologique

Ces déplacements concernent non seulement le zooplancton (qui se nourrit de phytoplancton), mais aussi des poissons, comme plusieurs espèces de la famille des poissons-lanternes. À l’inverse, certains prédateurs vivant principalement près de la surface peuvent plonger plusieurs centaines de mètres dans les profondeurs pendant la journée pour y rechercher leurs proies, comme le cachalot ou l’espadon.

Pour autant, toutes les espèces ne changent pas forcément de couche de profondeur au cours de leur vie. Certaines espèces vivent uniquement dans les eaux de surface. C’est notamment le cas des sardines. D’autres vivent au contraire en permanence dans les eaux profondes, comme le cyclothone.

L’ensemble forme une véritable circulation biologique entre la surface et les profondeurs, où chaque espèce possède sa propre stratégie. Ce phénomène est si important qu’il constitue l’une des plus grandes migrations animales quotidiennes de la planète.

À lire aussi : Vaut-il mieux manger de petits poissons ou de grands poissons ?

L’ombre du changement climatique

Cette question prend une importance particulière dans un contexte de changement climatique. En effet, ce phénomène ne modifie pas uniquement la température de surface des océans, il peut également affecter la structure verticale de la colonne d’eau, la disponibilité en oxygène et la production biologique.

Il en résulte des modifications des habitats et du comportement des organismes marins. Les changements de profondeur que cela pourrait entraîner chez les organismes peuvent ainsi modifier la chaîne alimentaire et bouleverser entièrement les écosystèmes.

Pour anticiper la réponse des écosystèmes marins au changement climatique, il faut donc apprendre à regarder l’océan non plus seulement comme une carte, mais comme un monde en trois dimensions, afin de mieux comprendre comment la faune marine s’y déplace et interagit.

Or, la dimension verticale reste difficile à observer. Si les satellites permettent de mieux comprendre la surface de l’océan, les campagnes océanographiques et les instruments autonomes permettent d’explorer les profondeurs. Ces dernières données sont toutefois encore très localisées, et les profondeurs restent largement méconnues.

À lire aussi : Marie Tharp, la cartographe qui a changé la face des fonds marins

Laureline Dalaut ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d'une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n'a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Increasing media attention on menopause is helping to mitigate taboos and promote support for women going through the change.

• Food supplements, books, coaching… menopause is also becoming a lucrative market driven by actors who are influencing the way the menopausal transition is perceived.

• Social media, a space where women share their experiences and offer advice, is amplifying this phenomenon.

Long relegated to the private sphere,Menopause is now the focus of unprecedented attention both in the media and commercially with a market value of 535 billion euros (600 billion US dollars). The amount of books, podcasts, documentaries, digital applications, food supplements and coaching programs is multiplying to support women in this stage of life. What was once a taboo subject has become a booming economic sector.

This evolution constitutes an important step forward: people are talking more about menopause, it is better understood and is gradually being recognised as a public health issue. But this visibility is also accompanied by bold marketing. As the topic enters the public arena, it also becomes a niche market opportunity.

This transformation raises a question at the heart of the analysis in All Change! Marketing and Consuming the Menopause Transition: does it genuinely meet women’s needs, or does it help create a new market built on their concerns, symptoms and desire for wellbeing?

Commercialisation that shapes perceptions of menopause

The book conceptualises the emergence of menopause as a consumer market in its own right. This niche market is characterised by growing “climacteric market awareness” and by the gradual transformation of menopause into a space for commercial gain, bodily intervention and self-optimisation. (Note of the editor: The philosopher Gloria Origgi explains that “climacteric” may derive from the Greek word “klimax”, meaning step or rung. At least since the time of Pythagoras, the term referred to one of the “critical ages of life” marked by vulnerability.)

Extending this perspective, a study shows that “menopause markets” (menomarkets) do not merely respond to pre-existing needs: they actively help shape how menopause is understood, experienced and managed, particularly by influencing what is defined as a menopausal problem and which forms of knowledge, care and consumption are regarded as appropriate.

Taken together, these perspectives invite us to understand commodification not merely as the commercial expansion of menopause-related products and services, but as a process through which markets help produce the meanings, needs and subjectivities associated with menopause.

A rapidly expanding new market

Economic interest in menopause is partly explained by demographic changes. Women are living longer and now spend several decades in the postmenopausal stage. According to some estimates, more than one billion women worldwide will be menopausal by 2030.

In response to this reality, companies have identified a long-neglected consumer segment.

Today, the menopause industry includes dietary supplements, cosmetics, clothing designed to alleviate the discomfort of hot flushes, tracking apps and wellness retreats, even though many of these products or supposed “solutions” have not been shown to be effective.

It is important not to conflate these products with menopausal hormone therapy. This treatment is available by prescription and administered under the supervision of a gynaecologist. Long controversial, in France, as in many other countries, it is strictly regulated.

This increase is changing how menopause is represented. It is no longer portrayed simply as a phase of ageing, but as a period requiring specific solutions, support and products. Brands present it as a challenge to be managed via appropriate consumer choices.

The rise of the ‘responsible consumer’

At the heart of this evolution is the emerging figure of the “responsible consumer”. Women are encouraged to take an active role in their health by seeking information, monitoring their symptoms and choosing products supposedly intended to improve their quality of life.

This approach reflects a broader trend: personal responsibility for our individual health. Everyone is encouraged to take charge of their wellbeing through appropriate behaviours and informed choices. If we apply this logic to menopause, this makes women the managers of their hormonal transition. They are urged to seek information, change their eating habits, increase their physical activity or invest in solutions presented as innovative.

This emphasis on responsibility can foster autonomy and a better understanding of the body. However, it also carries risks: by focusing on individual choices, it tends to shift attention away from collective responsibilities and towards personal ones.

The role of the media and social networks

Menopause owes much of its current visibility to the media and social networks. Public figures, journalists and healthcare professionals have helped bring the issue out in the open.

In the United Kingdom, documentaries by Kate Muir featuring Davina McCall have played an important role.

By giving a voice to women experiencing sometimes debilitating symptoms, they have raised public awareness of a reality that had long been overlooked. Similar action in France includes a 2024 opinion piece signed by several political and cultural figures. A parliamentary report was even submitted to the French government in 2025.

Social networks have amplified this movement. Thousands of women use them to share their experiences, exchange advice and recommend solutions, thereby helping to reduce the sense of isolation associated with menopause.

Discussion spaces and communities centred on menopause are developing across social networks. They are organised around hashtags such as #Midlifewomen, #PerimenopauseProblems, #Breakthemenopausetaboo and #MyHormonesAreDrunk, among others.

However, these spaces have also become prime channels for marketing strategies. Influencers, coaches and companies promote their products there to a receptive audience. The boundary between information, personal testimony and advertising can therefore become difficult to distinguish.

A need for support that fuels commerce

Raising awareness of menopause responds to a genuine need for information. Yet it has also created favourable conditions for rapid commercial expansion.

Many companies now offer products aimed at menopausal women. Some address genuine needs and are supported by solid scientific evidence; others rely mainly on promises of wellbeing or marketing claims that are difficult to verify.

This situation has given rise to the notion of a “menopause industrial complex”: a network of economic actors seeking to profit from this growing market. The problem is not the existence of commercial solutions; some innovations can improve women’s quality of life. The central issue is the scientific validity of the claims being made.

When products are presented as capable of relieving symptoms without sufficient evidence,the risk of misinformation increases. The growth of the dietary supplement market illustrates the increasing commodification of menopause. Even though evidence of effectiveness remains limited, a study identified no fewer than 201 products on the UK market in 2026, with widely varying formulations and prices.

Vulnerable consumers exploited by marketing

Women experiencing menopause may be particularly vulnerable. Sleep problems, anxiety, hormonal changes or difficulties at work can lead them to actively seek solutions.

This vulnerability can be exploited by certain marketing strategies. When symptoms are difficult, a promise of rapid or natural relief may appear particularly attractive. Incidentally not all women have the same ability to assess the claims presented to them. Medical knowledge, access to care and financial resources vary greatly between individuals.

Social inequalities therefore play a major role. Women with higher incomes have greater access to specialist medical consultations or expensive products, whereas those with fewer resources face more barriers to obtaining appropriate care.

Why regulation is necessary

It is important to highlight the more absurd forms of commodification. In the United Kingdom, for example, some advertisements go so far as promoting chocolates that supposedly relieve menopause symptoms.

As the menopause market expands, regulation is becoming essential. Consumers must be able to distinguish information grounded in scientific evidence from purely commercial claims.

Health authorities have an important role to play in monitoring the claims made by companies. Healthcare professionals also bear significant responsibility for helping women make informed decisions without relying solely on commercial messaging.

Beyond the market

The challenge, therefore, is to strike a balance between innovation, information and consumer protection. Menopause deserves to be addressed as an issue of health, equality and social justice, not merely as a market to be conquered.

Ultimately, breaking the silence around menopause represents major progress.

However, care must be taken to ensure that this visibility benefits women themselves above all, rather than serving commercial interests alone.

A weekly e-mail in English featuring expertise from scholars and researchers. It provides an introduction to the diversity of research coming out of the continent and considers some of the key issues facing European countries. Get the newsletter!

Les auteurs ne travaillent pas, ne conseillent pas, ne possèdent pas de parts, ne reçoivent pas de fonds d'une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n'ont déclaré aucune autre affiliation que leur organisme de recherche.